PISA 2015 Results
Scale Creation
- A generalized partial credit IRT model was used to create the achievement scales.
- New scales were standardized with a mean score of 500 and standard deviation of 100 among OECD countries.
- Scales for domains with trends were scaled on a concurrent sample including responses from past PISA waves. A linear transformation was used to equate the resulting scores with those estimated when the scale was created for the first time.
- PISA uses the imputation methodology usually referred to as plausible values (PVs).
- For each scale and subscale, ten plausible values per student were included in the international database.
- Plausible values were imputed using a multi-dimensional model.
List of Achievement Scales
Science
Science knowledge subscales
- Content
- Procedural
- Epistemic
Science competency subscales
- Explain phenomena scientifically
- Evaluate and design scientific enquiry
- Interpret data and evidence scientifically
Science system subscales
- Physical
- Living
- Earth and space
Reading
Mathematics
Collaborative problem solving
Financial literacy
Scale Creation
Simple indices are the variables that were constructed through the arithmetic transformation or recoding of one or more items in exactly the same way across assessments.
New and trend scale indices are the variables constructed through the scaling of multiple items. Unless otherwise indicated, the index was scaled using a two-parameter item response model (a generalized partial credit model was used in the case of items with more than two categories) and values of the index correspond to Warm likelihood estimates (WLE).
Scale indices were constructed through the scaling of items. Typically, scale scores for these indices were estimates of latent traits derived through item response theory (IRT) scaling of dichotomous or Likert-type items.
Only scale indices are listed below.
List of Background Scales
Student-level scale indices
- Interest in broad science topics
- Epistemological beliefs
- Sense of belonging to school
- Teacher-directed science instruction
- Perceived feedback
- Adaption of instruction
- Teacher support in science classes
- Disciplinary climate in science classes
- Achieving motivation
- Enjoyment of science
- Science self-efficacy
- Science activities
- Instrumental motivation
- Index of economic, social and cultural status
- Home possessions
- Inquiry-based science teaching and learning practices
- Test anxiety
- Enjoy cooperation
- Value cooperation
- Environmental awareness
- Environmental optimism
- Cultural possessions at home
- Home educational resources
- ICT Resources
- Family wealth
- Parents emotional support
School-level scale indices
- School resources
- Shortage of educational staff
- Shortage of educational material
- Educational leadership
- Educational leadership
- Curricular development
- Instructional leadership
- Professional development
- Teachers participation
- School climate
- Student-related factors affecting school climate
- Teacher-related factors affecting school climate
Optional ICT familiarity questionnaire scale indices
- ICT use outside of school leisure
- ICT use outside of school for schoolwork
- Use of ICT at school in general
- Students’ ICT Interest
- Students’ Perceived ICT Competence
- Students’ Perceived Autonomy related to ICT Use
- Students’ ICT as a topic in Social Interaction
Optional parent questionnaire scale indices
- Child’s past science activities
- Parental current support for learning at home
- Parental emotional support
- School policies for parental involvement
- Parents perceived school quality
- Parents’ view on science
- Parents concerns regarding environmental topics
- Parents’ view on future environmental topics
Science (primary focus)
- Singapore outperformed all other participating countries and economies in science.
- On average across OECD countries, 79% of students performed at or above Level 2 in science, the baseline level of proficiency.
- On average across OECD countries, boys scored slightly higher than girls in science.
- Mean performance in science improved significantly between 2006 and 2015 in Colombia, Macao (China), Norway, Portugal, Qatar, and Romania.
- A quarter of students envisioned themselves working later on in a science-related career.
- Girls and boys were almost equally likely to expect to work in a science-related career, but they had different interests and different ideas about what those careers might be.
- In general, boys participated more frequently in science-related activities and had more confidence in their abilities in science than girls.
Reading
- Singapore, Hong Kong (China), Canada and Finland were the highest-performing countries and economies in reading.
- Nearly one in ten students in OECD countries was a top performer in reading, but two in ten students had not attained the baseline level of proficiency in the subject.
- Few countries have seen consistent improvements in reading performance since PISA 2000.
- Albania, Estonia, Georgia, Ireland, Macao (China), Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Slovenia, and Spain were able to simultaneously increase the share of top performers and reduce the share of low achievers in reading.
- The gender gap in reading narrowed somewhat between 2009 and 2015.
Mathematics
- Four countries/economies in Asia outperform all other countries/economies in mathematics: Singapore, Hong Kong (China), Macao (China) and Chinese Taipei.
- Around one in ten students in OECD countries was a top performer in mathematics, on average; but in Singapore, more than one in three students were top performers in the subject.
- Boys tended to score higher than girls in mathematics, but in nine countries and economies, girls outperformed boys.
Financial Literacy
- On average across the 13 OECD countries and economies that participated in the PISA financial literacy assessment, 10% of students can analyse complex financial products and solve non-routine financial problems, while 15% can, at best, make simple decisions about everyday spending, and recognise the purpose of everyday financial documents, such as an invoice.
- While students who do well in financial literacy are likely to perform well in the PISA reading and mathematics assessment too, on average around 38% of the financial literacy score reflects factors that are not captured by the PISA reading and mathematics assessments, and are thus unique to financial skills.
- In 17 out of the 18 participating countries and economies, boys and girls show similar skills in financial literacy. However, among students with comparable performance in mathematics and reading, boys perform better than girls in financial literacy in 11 out of 18 countries and economies.
Collaborative Problem Solving
- Singapore and Japan outperform all other participating countries in collaborative problem solving.
- Most of the variation in student performance is observed within schools.
- Girls significantly outperform boys in every country and economy that participated in the collaborative problem-solving assessment.
- A majority of 15-year-olds in almost all PISA–participating countries and economies reported positive attitudes towards co-operating with others.
- Boys and girls differ in what they value when it comes to collaborating with others.
- The relationships between students’ attitudes towards collaboration and their performance in collaborative problem solving are remarkably consistent across countries and economies.
Others
- Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Hong Kong (China) and Macao (China) achieved high performance and high equity in education opportunities.
- Access to schooling was nearly universal in most OECD countries
- Socio-economic status was associated with significant differences in performance in most countries and economies that participated in PISA.
- Many students are very anxious about school work and tests and the analysis reveals this is not related to the number of school hours or the frequency of tests but with how supportive they feel their teachers and schools to be.
- Students in schools where life satisfaction is above the national average reported a higher level of support from their teacher than students in schools where life satisfaction is below average.